Help for package RProtoBuf

Version:

0.4.24

Date:

2025-03-31

Title:

R Interface to the 'Protocol Buffers' 'API' (Version 2 or 3)

Description:

Protocol Buffers are a way of encoding structured data in an efficient yet extensible format. Google uses Protocol Buffers for almost all of its internal 'RPC' protocols and file formats. Additional documentation is available in two included vignettes one of which corresponds to our 'JSS' paper (2016, <doi:10.18637/jss.v071.i02>. A sufficiently recent version of 'Protocol Buffers' library is required; currently version 3.3.0 from 2017 is the stated minimum.

Depends:

R (≥ 3.0.0), methods

Imports:

utils, stats, tools, Rcpp

LinkingTo:

Rcpp

Suggests:

tinytest

SystemRequirements:

ProtoBuf libraries and compiler version 3.3.0 or later; On Debian/Ubuntu these can be installed as libprotoc-dev, libprotobuf-dev and protobuf-compiler, while on Fedora/CentOS protobuf-devel and protobuf-compiler are needed. A C++17 compiler is required as well.

BugReports:

https://github.com/eddelbuettel/rprotobuf/issues

URL:

https://github.com/eddelbuettel/rprotobuf, https://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rprotobuf.html

License:

GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)]

NeedsCompilation:

yes

Packaged:

2025-03-31 18:27:28 UTC; edd

Author:

Romain Francois

[aut], Dirk Eddelbuettel

[aut, cre], Murray Stokely

[aut], Jeroen Ooms

[aut]

Maintainer:

Dirk Eddelbuettel <edd@debian.org>

Repository:

CRAN

Date/Publication:

2025-03-31 19:00:07 UTC

R Interface to the Protocol Buffers API

Description

Protocol Buffers are a way of encoding structured data in an efficient yet extensible format. Google uses Protocol Buffers for almost all of its internal RPC protocols and file formats.

This package provides R API to create, manipulate, parse and serialize protocol buffer messages from R

Author(s)

Romain Francois, Dirk Eddelbuettel, Murray Stokely and Jeroen Ooms.

References

https://github.com/eddelbuettel/rprotobuf

Examples

## Not run: 
# an example proto file
system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" )

# create a message of type AddressBook, defined in the example proto file
demo( "addressbook", package = "RProtoBuf" )

# using R binary connections and files to read and write messages
demo( "io", package = "RProtoBuf" )

# more documentation in the vignette
vignette( "RProtoBuf", package = "RProtoBuf" )

## End(Not run)

Class "ArrayInputStream"

Description

A ZeroCopyInputStream backed by an in-memory array of bytes

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by the ArrayInputStream function

Slots

pointer:: External pointer to the google::protobuf::io::ArrayInputStream C++ object

Extends

Class "ZeroCopyInputStream", directly.

Methods

See ZeroCopyInputStream

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The ArrayInputStream class from the protobuf C++ library.

Examples

stream <- ArrayInputStream(as.raw(0:10))
stream$ReadRaw(5)

stringsstream <- ArrayInputStream(as.raw(c(0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67)))
stringsstream$ReadString(7)

intstream <- ArrayInputStream(as.raw(c(0x9e, 0xa7, 0x05)))
intstream$ReadVarint32()

Creates an ArrayInputStream

Description

Constructor for ArrayInputStream objects

Methods

signature(payload = "raw", block_size = "missing" ): Creates a ArrayInputStream using the raw vector as the payload of the stream
signature(payload = "raw", block_size = "integer" ): Creates a ArrayInputStream ... same with block size.
signature(payload = "raw", block_size = "numeric" ): Creates a ArrayInputStream ... same with block size.

Class "ArrayOutputStream"

Description

A ZeroCopyOutputStream backed by an in-memory array of bytes

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by the ArrayOutputStream function

Slots

pointer:: External pointer to the google::protobuf::io::ArrayOutputStream C++ object

Extends

Class "ZeroCopyOutputStream", directly.

Methods

See ZeroCopyOutputStream

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The ArrayOutputStream class from the protobuf C++ library.

Creates an ArrayOutputStream

Description

Constructor for ArrayOutputStream objects

Methods

signature(size = "integer", block_size = "missing" ): Creates a ArrayOutputStream using of the given size
signature(size = "integer", block_size = "integer" ): Creates a ArrayOutputStream ... same with block size.
signature(size = "integer", block_size = "numeric" ): Creates a ArrayOutputStream ... same with block size.
signature(size = "numeric", block_size = "missing" ): Creates a ArrayOutputStream using of the given size
signature(size = "numeric", block_size = "integer" ): Creates a ArrayOutputStream ... same with block size.
signature(size = "numeric", block_size = "numeric" ): Creates a ArrayOutputStream ... same with block size.

Backs up a number of bytes from a stream

Description

Backs up a number of bytes from a stream

The number of bytes read/written since the object was created

Description

The number of bytes read/written since the object was created

Class "ConnectionInputStream"

Description

A ZeroCopyInputStream reading from a binary R connection

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by the ConnectionInputStream function

Slots

pointer:: External pointer to the rprotobuf::ConnectionInputStream C++ object

Extends

Class "ZeroCopyInputStream", directly.

Methods

See ZeroCopyInputStream

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The internal C++ class ConnectionInputStream

Creates an ConnectionInputStream

Description

Constructor for ConnectionInputStream objects

Methods

signature(object="connection"): Creates a ConnectionInputStream reading from the given R binary connection.

Class "ConnectionOutputStream"

Description

A ZeroCopyOutputStream writing to a binary R connection

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by the ConnectionOutputStream function

Slots

pointer:: External pointer to the rprotobuf::ConnectionOutputStream C++ object

Extends

Class "ZeroCopyOutputStream", directly.

Methods

See ZeroCopyOutputStream

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The internal C++ class ConnectionOutputStream

Creates an ConnectionOutputStream

Description

Constructor for ConnectionOutputStream objects

Methods

signature(object="connection"): Creates a ConnectionOutputStream writing to the given R binary connection.

Class "Descriptor"

Description

full descriptive information about a protocol buffer message type. This is a thin wrapper around the C++ class Descriptor

Objects from the Class

Objects are usually created by calls to the P function.

Slots

pointer:: external pointer holding a Descriptor object
type:: full name of the corresponding message type

Methods

as.character: signature(x = "Descriptor"): returns the debug string of the descriptor. This is retrieved by a call to the DebugString method of the Descriptor object.
toString: signature(x = "Descriptor"): same as as.character
$: signature(x = "Descriptor"): retrieves a descriptor for a member of the message type. This can either be another "Descriptor" instance describing a nested type, or a EnumDescriptor object describing an enum type, or a FieldDescriptor object describing a field of the message
new: signature(Class = "Descriptor"): creates a prototype message (Message) of this descriptor
show: signature(object = "Descriptor"): simple information
containing_type: signature(object = "Descriptor") : returns a descriptor of the message type that contains this message descriptor, or NULL if this is a top-level message type.
field_count: signature(object = "Descriptor") : The number of fields of this message type.
nested_type_count: signature(object = "Descriptor") : The number of nested types of this message type.
enum_type_count: signature(object = "Descriptor") : The number of enum types of this message type.
field: signature(object = "Descriptor") : extract a field descriptor from a descriptor. Exactly one argument of index, number or name has to be used. If index is used, the field descriptor is retrieved by position, using the field method of the google::protobuf::Descriptor C++ class. If number is used, the field descriptor is retrieved using the tag number, with the FindFieldByNumber C++ method. If name is used, the field descriptor is retrieved by name using the FindFieldByName
nested_type: signature(object = "Descriptor") : extracts a message type descriptor that is nested in this descriptor. Exactly one argument of index of name has to be used. If index is used, the nested type will be retrieved using its position with the nested_type method of the google::protobuf::Descriptor C++ class. If name is used, the nested type will be retrieved using its name, with the FindNestedTypeByName C++ method
enum_type: signature(object = "Descriptor") : extracts an enum type descriptor that is contained in this descriptor. Exactly one argument of index of name has to be used. If index is used, the enum type will be retrieved using its position with the enum_type method of the google::protobuf::Descriptor C++ class. If name is used, the enum type will be retrieved using its name, with the FindEnumTypeByName C++ method
[[: signature(x = "Descriptor"): extracts a field identified by its name or declared tag number
names: signature(x = "Descriptor") : extracts names of this descriptor
length: signature(x = "Descriptor") : extracts length of this descriptor

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

## Not run: 
# example proto file supplied with this package
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" )
# reading a proto file and creating the descriptor
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)


# enum type
Person$PhoneType

# nested type
Person$PhoneNumber

# field
Person$email

# use this descriptor to create a message
new( Person )

Class "EnumDescriptor"

Description

R representation of an enum descriptor. This is a thin wrapper around the EnumDescriptor c++ class.

Objects from the Class

Objects of this class are typically retrieved as members of Descriptor objects

Slots

pointer:: external pointer to the EnumDescriptor instance
name:: simple name of the enum
full_name:: fully qualified name
type:: fully qualified name of the type that contains this enumeration

Methods

show: signature(object = "EnumDescriptor"): small information
as.character: signature(x = "EnumDescriptor"): returns the debug string of the enum descriptor. This is retrieved by a call to the DebugString method of the EnumDescriptor object.
toString: signature(x = "EnumDescriptor"): same as as.character
$: signature(x = "EnumDescriptor"): get the number associated with the name
has: signature(object = "EnumDescriptor"): indicate if the given name is a constant present in this enum.
containing_type: signature(object = "EnumDescriptor") : returns a Descriptor of the message type that contains this enum descriptor, or NULL if this is a top level enum descriptor.
length: signature(x = "EnumDescriptor") : number of constants in this enum.
value_count: signature(object = "EnumDescriptor") : number of constants in this enum.
value: signature(object = "EnumDescriptor") : extracts an EnumValueDescriptor. Exactly one argument of index, number or name has to be used. If index is used, the enum value descriptor is retrieved by position, using the value method of the C++ class. If number is used, the enum value descriptor is retrieved using the value of the constant, using the FindValueByNumber C++ method. If name is used, the enum value descriptor is retrieved using the name of the constant, using the FindValueByName C++ method.
[[: signature(x = "EnumDescriptor"): extracts field identified by its name or declared tag number
names: signature(x = "EnumDescriptor") : extracts names of this enum

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The EnumDescriptor C++ class

Examples

## Not run: 
# example proto file supplied with this package
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" ) 

# reading a proto file and creating the descriptor
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)

# enum type
Person$PhoneType

has(Person$PhoneType, "MOBILE")
has(Person$PhoneType, "HOME")
has(Person$PhoneType, "WORK")

has(Person$PhoneType, "FOOBAR")

length(Person$PhoneType)

Class "EnumValueDescriptor"

Description

R representation of an enum value descriptor. This is a thin wrapper around the EnumValueDescriptor c++ class.

Objects from the Class

Objects of this class are typically retrieved with the value method of the EnumDescriptor class

Slots

pointer:: external pointer to the EnumValueDescriptor instance
name:: simple name of the enum
full_name:: fully qualified name

Methods

show: signature(object = "EnumValueDescriptor"): small information
as.character: signature(x = "EnumValueDescriptor"): returns the debug string of the enum descriptor. This is retrieved by a call to the DebugString method of the EnumDescriptor object.
toString: signature(x = "EnumValueDescriptor"): same as as.character
$: signature(x = "EnumValueDescriptor"): invoke pseudo methods
name: signature(object = "EnumValueDescriptor", full = "logical"): return the name of this enum constant.
number: signature(object = "EnumValueDescriptor"): return the numeric value of this enum constant.
enum_type: signature(object = "EnumDescriptor") : retrieves the EnumDescriptor related to this value descriptor.

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

## Not run: 
# example proto file supplied with this package
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" )
# reading a proto file and creating the descriptor
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)

# enum type
Person$PhoneType

# enum value type
value(Person$PhoneType, 1)

name(value(Person$PhoneType, 1))
name(value(Person$PhoneType, 1), TRUE)

number(value(Person$PhoneType, number=1))

enum_type(value(Person$PhoneType, number=1))

Class "FieldDescriptor"

Description

R representation of message type field descriptor. This is a thin wrapper around the C++ class FieldDescriptor

Objects from the Class

Objects typically are retrieved from FieldDescriptor

Slots

pointer:: external pointer to the FieldDescriptor c++ object
name:: name of the field within the message type
full_name:: Fully qualified name of the field
type:: Fully qualified name of the type that contains this field

Methods

show: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor"): small description
as.character: signature(x = "FieldDescriptor"): returns the debug string of the field descriptor. This is retrieved by a call to the DebugString method of the FieldDescriptor object.
toString: signature(x = "FieldDescriptor"): same as as.character
$: signature(x = "FieldDescriptor"): used to invoke pseudo methods
containing_type: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : returns a Descriptor of the message type that contains this field descriptor.
is_extension: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : indicates if this is an extension.
number: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : gets the declared tag number of this field.
type: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : type of this field.
cpp_type: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : c++ type of this field.
label: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : label of this field.
is_required: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : is this field required.
is_optional: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : is this field optional.
is_repeated: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : is this field repeated.
has_default_value: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : indicates if this field has a default value.
default_value: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : the default value of this field.
message_type: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : the Descriptor for the associated message type. Generates an error if this field is not a message type field.
enum_type: signature(object = "FieldDescriptor") : the EnumDescriptor for the associated enum type.Generates an error if this field is not an enum type field

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The FieldDescriptor C++ class

Examples

## Not run: 
# example proto file supplied with this package
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" ) 

# reading a proto file and creating the descriptor
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)


# field descriptor object
Person$email

# debug string
as.character( Person$email )

# or as a pseudo method
Person$email$as.character()

Person$email$is_required()
Person$email$is_optional()
Person$email$is_repeated()

Person$email$has_default_value()
Person$email$default_value()

Person$email$is_extension()

# Get the default values
has_default_value(Person$id)
has_default_value(Person$email)
has_default_value(Person$phone)
default_value(Person$id)
default_value(Person$email)
default_value(Person$phone)

# Get the types of field descriptors
type(Person$id)
type(Person$id, as.string=TRUE)
cpp_type(Person$email)
cpp_type(Person$email, TRUE)

# Get the label of a field descriptor
label(Person$id)
label(Person$email)
label(Person$phone)
label(Person$id, TRUE)
label(Person$email, TRUE)
label(Person$phone, TRUE)
LABEL_OPTIONAL
LABEL_REQUIRED
LABEL_REPEATED

# Test if a field is optional
is_optional(Person$id)
is_optional(Person$email)
is_optional(Person$phone)

# Test if a field is repeated
is_repeated(Person$id)
is_repeated(Person$email)
is_repeated(Person$phone)

# Test if a field is required
is_required(Person$id)
is_required(Person$email)
is_required(Person$phone)

# Return the class of a message field
message_type(Person$phone)

Class "FileDescriptor"

Description

Class "FileDescriptor"

Objects from the Class

Objects are usually created using the fileDescriptor method

Slots

pointer:: external pointer to a google::protobuf::FileDescriptor C++ object
package:: the package name defined in the file, e.g. 'tutorial'.
filename:: the filename of this FileDescriptor

Methods

$: signature(x = "FileDescriptor"): used to invoke a pseudo method of the file descriptor or get a top level message, enum or service descriptor
toString: signature(x = "FileDescriptor" ) : gets the debug string
as.character: signature(x = "FileDescriptor" ) : gets the debug string
show: signature(x = "FileDescriptor" ) : prints small text
name: signature(object = "FileDescriptor" ) : name of the file

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

# example proto file supplied with this package
desc <- P("tutorial.Person")
person <- new(desc)

person$fileDescriptor()
name(person$fileDescriptor())
# [1] "addressbook.proto"
as.character(person$fileDescriptor())

Class "FileInputStream"

Description

A ZeroCopyInputStream reading from a file

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by the FileInputStream function

Slots

pointer:: External pointer to the google::protobuf::io::FileInputStream C++ object

Extends

Class "ZeroCopyInputStream", directly.

Methods

close: signature(con="FileInputStream"): Flushes any buffers and closes the underlying file. Returns false if an error occurs during the process; use GetErrno to examine the error
GetErrno: signature(object="FileInputStream"): If an I/O error has occurred on this file descriptor, this is the errno from that error. Otherwise, this is zero. Once an error occurs, the stream is broken and all subsequent operations will fail.
SetCloseOnDelete: signature(object="FileInputStream"): set the close on delete behavior.

See ZeroCopyInputStream for inherited methods

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The FileInputStream class from the protobuf C++ library.

Creates an FileInputStream

Description

Constructor for FileInputStream objects

Methods

signature(filename = "character", block_size = "logical", close.on.delete = "logical" ): Creates a FileInputStream reading from the given file.

Class "FileOutputStream"

Description

A ZeroCopyOutputStream reading from a file

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by the FileOutputStream function

Slots

pointer:: External pointer to the google::protobuf::io::FileOutputStream C++ object

Extends

Class "ZeroCopyOutputStream", directly.

Methods

close: signature(con="FileOutputStream"): Flushes any buffers and closes the underlying file. Returns false if an error occurs during the process; use GetErrno to examine the error
flush: signature(con="FileOutputStream"): Flushes FileOutputStream's buffers but does not close the underlying file
GetErrno: signature(object="FileInputStream"): If an I/O error has occurred on this file descriptor, this is the errno from that error. Otherwise, this is zero. Once an error occurs, the stream is broken and all subsequent operations will fail.
SetCloseOnDelete: signature(object="FileOutputStream"): set the close on delete behavior.

See ZeroCopyOutputStream for inherited methods

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The FileOutputStream class from the protobuf C++ library.

Creates an FileOutputStream

Description

Constructor for FileOutputStream objects

Methods

signature(filename = "character", block_size = "logical", close.on.delete = "logical" ): Creates a FileOutputStream writing to the given file.

Get the error number for an I/O error

Description

If an I/O error has occurred on this file descriptor, this is the errno from that error

Methods

See classes FileInputStream and FileOutputStream for implementations.

Class "Message"

Description

R representation of protocol buffer messages. This is a thin wrapper around the Message c++ class that holds the actual message as an external pointer.

Objects from the Class

Objects are typically created by the new function invoked on a Descriptor object.

Slots

pointer:: external pointer to the c++ Message object
type:: fully qualified name of the message type

Methods

as.character: signature(x = "Message"): returns the debug string of the message. This is built from a call to the DebugString method of the Message object
toString: signature(x = "Message"): same as as.character
toTextFormat: signature(x = "Message"): returns the TextFormat of the message. This is built from a call to TextFormat::PrintToString with the Message object
toDebugString: signature(x = "Message"): same as as.character
toJSON: signature(x = "Message"): returns the JSON representation of the message. This is built from a call to the google::protobuf::util::MessageToJsonString method and accepts two arguments preserve_proto_field_names - if FALSE (the default) convert field names to camelCase always_print_primitive_fields - whether to return the default value for missing primitive fields (default false)
$<-: signature(x = "Message"): set the value of a field of the message.
$: signature(x = "Message"): gets the value of a field. Primitive types are brought back to R as R objects of the closest matching R type. Messages are brought back as instances of the Message class.
[[: signature(x = "Message"): extracts a field identified by its name or declared tag number
[[<-: signature(x = "Message"): replace the value of a field identified by its name or declared tag number
serialize: signature(object = "Message"): serialize a message. If the "connection" argument is NULL, the payload of the message is returned as a raw vector, if the "connection" argument is a binary writable connection, the payload is written into the connection. If "connection" is a character vector, the message is sent to the file (in binary format).
show: signature(object = "Message"): displays a short text about the message
update: signature(object = "Message"): set several fields of the message at once
length: signature(x = "Message"): The number of fields actually contained in the message. A field counts in these two situations: the field is repeated and the field size is greater than 0, the field is not repeated and the message has the field.
setExtension: signature(object = "Message"): set an extension field of the Message.
getExtension: signature(object = "Message"): get the value of an extension field of the Message.
str: signature(object = "Message"): displays the structure of the message
identical: signature(x = "Message", y = "Message"): Test if two messages are exactly identical
==: signature(e1 = "Message", e2 = "Message"): Same as identical
!=: signature(e1 = "Message", e2 = "Message"): Negation of identical
all.equal: signature(e1 = "Message", e2 = "Message"): Test near equality
names: signature(x = "Message"): extracts the names of the message.

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The Message class from the C++ proto library.

Examples

## Not run: 
# example proto file supplied with this package
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" )

# reading a proto file and creating the descriptor
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)


PhoneNumber <- P( "tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber" )

# creating a prototype message from the descriptor
p <- new( Person )
p$email # not set, returns default value
p$id    # not set, returns default value
as.character( p ) # empty
has( p, "email" ) # is the "email" field set
has( p, "phone" ) # is the "email" field set
length( p )       # number of fields actually set

# update several fields at once
romain <- update( new( Person ),
	email = "francoisromain@free.fr",
	id = 1,
	name = "Romain Francois",
	phone = new( PhoneNumber , number = "+33(0)...", type = "MOBILE" )
	)

# supply parameters to the constructor
dirk <- new( Person,
	email = "edd@debian.org",
	id = 2,
	name = "Dirk Eddelbuettel" )
# update the phone repeated field with a list of PhoneNumber messages
dirk$phone <- list(
	new( PhoneNumber , number = "+01...", type = "MOBILE" ),
	new( PhoneNumber , number = "+01...", type = "HOME" ) )

# with/within style
saptarshi <- within( new(Person), {
	id <- 3
	name <- "Saptarshi Guha"
	email <- "saptarshi.guha@gmail.com"
} )

# make an addressbook
book <- new( tutorial.AddressBook, person = list( romain, dirk, saptarshi ) )

# serialize the message to a file
tf <- tempfile( )
serialize( book, tf )

# the payload of the message
serialize( book, NULL )

# read the file into a new message
m <- tutorial.AddressBook$read( tf )
writeLines( as.character( m ) )
sapply( m$person, function(p) p$name )

Class "MethodDescriptor"

Description

R representation of Service Descriptors

Objects from the Class

TODO

Slots

pointer:: External pointer to a google::protobuf::MethodDescriptor C++ object
name:: fully qualified name of the method
service:: fully qualified name of the service that defines this method

Methods

as.character: signature(x = "MethodDescriptor"): debug string of the method
toString: signature(x = "MethodDescriptor"): debug string of the method
$: signature(x = "MethodDescriptor"): ...
$<-: signature(x = "MethodDescriptor"): ...
input_type: signature(object = "MethodDescriptor"): the Descriptor of the input type of the method
output_type: signature(object = "MethodDescriptor"): the Descriptor of the output type of the method

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Obtains a chunk of data from the stream

Description

Obtains a chunk of data from the stream

Protocol Buffer descriptor importer

Description

The P function searches for a protocol message descriptor in the descriptor pool.

Usage

P(type, file)

Arguments

type

Fully qualified type name of the protocol buffer or extension

file

optional proto file. If given, the definition contained in the file is first registered with the pool of message descriptors

Value

An object of class Descriptor for message types or FieldDescriptor for extensions. An error is generated otherwise.

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

## Not run: 
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" ) 
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)


cat(as.character( Person ))

Class "ServiceDescriptor"

Description

R representation of Service Descriptors

Objects from the Class

TODO

Slots

pointer:: External pointer to a google::protobuf::ServiceDescriptor C++ object
name:: fully qualified name of the service

Methods

as.character: signature(x = "ServiceDescriptor"): debug string of the service
toString: signature(x = "ServiceDescriptor"): debug string of the service
show: signature(x = "ServiceDescriptor"): ...
$: signature(x = "ServiceDescriptor"): invoke pseudo methods or retrieve method descriptors contained in this service descriptor.
[[: signature(x = "ServiceDescriptor"): extracts methods descriptors contained in this service descriptor
length: signature(x = "ServiceDescriptor"): number of MethodDescriptor
method_count: signature(x = "ServiceDescriptor"): number of MethodDescriptor
method: signature(x = "ServiceDescriptor"): retrieves a MethodDescriptor

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

set the close on delete behavior

Description

By default, the file descriptor is not closed when a stream is destroyed, use SetCloseOnDelete( stream, TRUE ) to change that.

Methods

See classes FileInputStream and FileOutputStream for implementations.

Skips a number of bytes

Description

Skips a number of bytes

Virtual Class "ZeroCopyInputStream"

Description

R wrapper for the ZeroCopyInputStream c++ class

Objects from the Class

This is a virtual class

Slots

pointer:: external pointer to the google::protobuf::io::ZeroCopyInputStream object

Methods

$: signature(x="ZeroCopyInputStream"): invokes a method
Next: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream"): Get a number of bytes from the stream as a raw vector.
Skip: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream"): skip a number of bytes
BackUp: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream"): Backs up a number of bytes, so that the next call to Next returns data again that was already returned by the last call to Next.
ByteCount: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream"): Returns the total number of bytes read since this object was created.
ReadRaw: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream", size = "integer"): read raw bytes from the stream
ReadRaw: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream", size = "numeric"): read raw bytes from the stream
ReadString: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream", size = "integer"): same as ReadRaw but formats the result as a string
ReadString: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream", size = "numeric"): same as ReadRaw but formats the result as a string
ReadVarint32: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream"): Read an unsigned integer with Varint encoding, truncating to 32 bits.
ReadLittleEndian32: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream"): Read a 32-bit little-endian integer.
ReadLittleEndian64: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream"): Read a 64-bit little-endian integer. In R the value is stored as a double which looses some precision (no other way)
ReadVarint64: signature(object="ZeroCopyInputStream"): Read a 64-bit integer with varint encoding. In R the value is stored as a double which looses some precision (no other way)

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The google::protobuf::io::ZeroCopyInputStream C++ class.

Virtual Class "ZeroCopyOutputStream"

Description

R wrapper for the ZeroCopyOutputStream c++ class

Objects from the Class

This is a virtual class

Slots

pointer:: external pointer to the google::protobuf::io::ZeroCopyOutputStream object

Methods

$: signature(x="ZeroCopyOutputStream"): invokes a method
Next: signature(object="ZeroCopyOutputStream", payload = "raw" ): push the raw vector into the stream. Returns the number of bytes actually written.
BackUp: signature(object="ZeroCopyOutputStream"): Backs up a number of bytes, so that the end of the last buffer returned by Next is not actually written.
ByteCount: signature(object="ZeroCopyOutputStream"): Returns the total number of bytes written since this object was created.
WriteRaw: signature(object="ZeroCopyOuputStream"), payload = "raw": write the raw bytes to the stream

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

References

The google::protobuf::io::ZeroCopyOutputStream C++ class.

add elements of a repeated field of a message

Description

Add elements to a repeated field of a message.

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): add elements to a repeated field of a message

Examples

unitest.proto.file <- system.file("tinytest", "data", "unittest.proto",
				  package = "RProtoBuf" )
readProtoFiles(file = unitest.proto.file)

test <- new(protobuf_unittest.TestAllTypes)
test$add("repeated_int32", 1)
test$add("repeated_int32", 2:10)
test$repeated_int32

Grab the protocol buffer message as an R list

Description

Utility to grab the protocol buffer message as an R list, with one item per field.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'Message'
as.list(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'Descriptor'
as.list(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'EnumDescriptor'
as.list(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'FileDescriptor'
as.list(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'ServiceDescriptor'
as.list(x, ...)

Arguments

x

A protocol buffer message, instance of Message, or a protocol message descriptor, instance of Descriptor

...

ignored

Value

For messages, a list of the content of the fields is returned.

For message type descriptors, a list containing nested type descriptors (Descriptor objects), enum type descriptors (EnumDescriptor objects), then field descriptors (FieldDescriptor objects) in that order.

For enum descriptors, a named list of the enumerated values.

For file descriptors, a named list of descriptors defined in the specified file descriptor.

For service descriptors, ...

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

Person <- P( "tutorial.Person" )
romain <- new( Person, email = "francoisromain@free.fr", id = 1 )
as.list( romain )
as.list( Person )
as.list( Person$PhoneType)

coerce an object to a protobuf message

Description

coerce an object to the Message class. This is a short-hand to the as method with the Class argument set to "Message"

Usage

asMessage(x, ...)

Arguments

x

object to coerce to a protobuf message

...

Passed to as

Value

a Message object

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

# coerce a message type descriptor to a message
asMessage( tutorial.Person )

# coerce a enum descriptor
asMessage( tutorial.Person.PhoneType )

# coerce a field descriptor
asMessage( tutorial.Person$email )

# coerce a file descriptor 
asMessage( fileDescriptor( tutorial.Person ) )

The number of bytes taken by a message

Description

The number of bytes taken by a Message

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): The number of bytes the message would take when serialized

Examples

	message <- new( tutorial.Person, name = "dddd", email = "eeeeeee", id = 1 )
	bytesize( message )

Clear a field or all fields of the message and set them to their default values

Description

Clear one field or all fields of the message and set them to their default values

Methods

signature(object = "Message", field = "missing"): Clear all fields of the message and set them to their default values
signature(object = "Message", field = "character"): Clear the field identified by its name
signature(object = "Message", field = "integer"): Clear the field identified by its tag number
signature(object = "Message", field = "numeric"): Clear the field identified by its tag number
signature(object = "Message", field = "raw"): Clear the field identified by its tag number

Examples

	message <- new( tutorial.Person, name = "dddd", email = "eeeeeee", id = 1 )
	writeLines( as.character( message ) )
	clear( message )
	# clear works also as a pseudo method :
	message$clear() 
	
	writeLines( as.character( message ) )
	
	# clear single fields
	message <- new( tutorial.Person, name = "dddd", email = "eeeeeee", id = 1 )
	message$clear( "name" )
	writeLines( as.character( message ) )

Clone protocol buffer messages

Description

Generic "clone" function and associated method for Message objects

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): clone the message

Examples

## Not run: 
# example proto file supplied with this package
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" )

# reading a proto file and creating the descriptor
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)


# creating a prototype message from the descriptor
sheep <- new( Person, email = "francoisromain@free.fr", id = 2 )

# cloning the sheep
newsheep <- clone( sheep )

# clone and update at once
newsheep <- clone( sheep, id = 3 )

# this can also be used as a pseudo method
sheep$clone()
sheep$clone( id = 3 )

Completion support for protocol buffer messages and descriptors

Description

These functions support completion of protocol buffer messages and descriptors.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'Message'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")
## S3 method for class 'Descriptor'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")
## S3 method for class 'EnumDescriptor'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")
## S3 method for class 'FieldDescriptor'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")
## S3 method for class 'FileDescriptor'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")
## S3 method for class 'ServiceDescriptor'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")
## S3 method for class 'MethodDescriptor'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")
## S3 method for class 'ZeroCopyInputStream'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")
## S3 method for class 'ZeroCopyOutputStream'
.DollarNames(x, pattern = "")

Arguments

x

message (Message) or descriptor (Descriptor)

pattern

filter

Value

Character vector containing potential completions.

For Message objects, completions are the fields of the message and a set of pseudo methods ("has")

For EnumDescriptor objects, completions are the names of the possible constants

For Descriptor objects, completions are the names of the fields, enum types and nested message types defined in the associated message type.

For FileDescriptor objects, completions are the names of the top-level descriptors (message, enum or service) contained in the associated file, or pseudo methods.

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

# creating a prototype message from the descriptor
p <- new( tutorial.Person )

.DollarNames( p )
.DollarNames( tutorial.Person )
# but this is usually used with the <TAB> expansion on the command line
# <TAB> means "press the TAB key"
# p$<TAB>
# Person$<TAB>

Gets the message type descriptor that contains a descriptor

Description

Gets a Descriptor describing the message type that contains the descriptor.

Examples

# Containing type of a field is the message descriptor
tutorial.Person$id$containing_type()

# No containing type for the top-level message descriptor.
tutorial.Person$containing_type()

Get the descriptor of a message

Description

Get the Descriptor associated with a Message

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): Get the descriptor of the message, as a Descriptor instance

Extract an enum type descriptor for a nested type

Description

Extract a EnumDescriptor contained in a Descriptor

The number of enum types

Description

The number of enum types

Fetch content of a repeated field

Description

Fetch content of a repeated field of a message

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): Fetch content of a message repeated field

Extract a field descriptor

Description

Extract a FieldDescriptor from a Descriptor

The number of fields

Description

The number of fields

gets the file descriptor of an object

Description

Gets the file descriptor of an object

Methods

signature(object = "Descriptor"): retrieves the file descriptor associated with this descriptor
signature(object = "Message"): retrieves the file descriptor associated with the descriptor of this message
signature(object = "EnumDescriptor"): retrieves the file descriptor associated with the enum descriptor
signature(object = "FieldDescriptor"): retrieves the file descriptor associated with the field descriptor
signature(object = "ServiceDescriptor"): retrieves the file descriptor associated with the service descriptor
signature(object = "MethodDescriptor"): retrieves the file descriptor associated with the method descriptor

Indicates if an object has the given field set

Description

This generic method, currently implemented for Message and EnumDescriptor indicates if the message or enum descriptor has the given field set.

For messages and non-repeated fields, a call to the HasField method of the corresponding Message is issued.

For messages and repeated fields, a call to the FieldSize method is issued, and the message is declared to have the field if the size is greater than 0.

NULL is returned if the descriptor for the message does not contain the given field at all.

For EnumDescriptors, a boolean value indicates if the given name is present in the enum definition.

Methods

has: signature(object = "Message"): Indicates if the message has a given field.
has: signature(object = "EnumDescriptor"): Indicates if the EnumDescriptor has a given named element.

Examples

unitest.proto.file <- system.file("tinytest", "data", "unittest.proto",
				  package = "RProtoBuf" )
readProtoFiles(file = unitest.proto.file)

test <- new(protobuf_unittest.TestAllTypes)
test$has("optional_int32")
# FALSE
test$add("repeated_int32", 1:10)
test$has("repeated_int32")
# TRUE
test$has("nonexistant")
# NULL

has(protobuf_unittest.TestAllTypes$NestedEnum, "FOO")
has(protobuf_unittest.TestAllTypes$NestedEnum, "BAR")
has(protobuf_unittest.TestAllTypes$NestedEnum, "XXX")

Indicates if a protocol buffer message is initialized

Description

Indicates if a Message is initialized. A message is initialized if all its required fields are set.

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): is the message initialized

Examples

message <- new( tutorial.Person, name = "" )
isInitialized( message ) # FALSE (id is not set)
message$isInitialized()  # FALSE

message <- new( tutorial.Person, name = "", id = 2 )
isInitialized( message ) # TRUE
message$isInitialized()  # TRUE

Indicates if a field descriptor is an extension

Description

Indicates if a field descriptor is an extension

Examples

Person <- P( "tutorial.Person" )
is_extension(Person$id)

Gets the label of a field

Description

Gets the label of a field (optional, required, or repeated).

Arguments

object

A FieldDescriptor object.

as.string

If true, print a string representation of the type.

Examples

## Not run: 
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" )
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)


label(Person$id)
label(Person$email)
label(Person$phone)
label(Person$id, TRUE)
label(Person$email, TRUE)
label(Person$phone, TRUE)
LABEL_OPTIONAL
LABEL_REQUIRED
LABEL_REPEATED

Merge two messages of the same type

Description

Merge two Message objects of the same type.

Methods

signature(x = "Message", y = "Message"): merge two messages of the same type

Errors

An error of class "IncompatibleType" is thrown if the two messages are not of the same message type.

Examples


m1 <- new( tutorial.Person, email = "francoisromain@free.fr" )
m2 <- new( tutorial.Person, id = 5 )
m3 <- merge( m1, m2 )
writeLines( as.character( m1 ) )
writeLines( as.character( m2 ) )
writeLines( as.character( m3 ) )

Name or full name of a descriptor

Description

name or full name of a descriptor

Methods

signature(object = "Descriptor"): ...
signature(object = "FieldDescriptor"): ...
signature(object = "EnumDescriptor"): ...
signature(object = "ServiceDescriptor"): ...
signature(object = "MethodDescriptor"): ...

Extract a message type descriptor for a nested type

Description

Extract a Descriptor nested in another Descriptor

The number of fields

Description

The number of fields

Gets the declared tag number of a field

Description

Gets the declared tag number of a field

Examples

## Not run: 
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" )
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)


number(Person$id)
number(Person$email)
as.character(Person)

number(value(tutorial.Person$PhoneType, name="HOME"))

Read a protocol buffer message from a connection

Description

Read a Message from a connection using its associated Descriptor

Methods

signature(descriptor = "Descriptor", input = "character"): Read the message from a file
signature(descriptor = "Descriptor"): Read from a binary connection.
signature(descriptor = "Descriptor", input = "raw"): Read the message from a raw vector

Examples

# example file that contains a "tutorial.AddressBook" message
book <- system.file( "examples", "addressbook.pb", package = "RProtoBuf" )

# read the message
message <- read( tutorial.AddressBook, book )

# or using the pseudo method 
message <- tutorial.AddressBook$read( book )

# write its debug string
writeLines( as.character( message ) )

# grab the name of each person
sapply( message$person, function(p) p$name )

# read from a binary file connection
f <- file( book, open = "rb" )
message2 <- read( tutorial.AddressBook, f )
close( f )

# read from a message payload (raw vector)
payload <- readBin( book, raw(0), 5000 )
message3 <- tutorial.AddressBook$read( payload )

read a message in ASCII format

Description

Method to read a Message in ASCII format

Methods

signature(descriptor = "Descriptor", input = "ANY"): Read the message from a connection (file, etc ...)
signature(descriptor = "Descriptor", input = "character"): Read the message directly from the character string

Examples

## Not run: 
# example file that contains a "tutorial.AddressBook" message
book <- system.file( "examples", "addressbook.pb", package = "RProtoBuf" )

# read the message
message <- read( tutorial.AddressBook, book )

# Output in text format to a temporary file
out.file <- tempfile()
writeLines( as.character(message), file(out.file))

# Verify that we can read back in the message from a text file.
message2 <- readASCII( tutorial.AddressBook, file(out.file, "rb"))

# Verify that we can read back in the message from an unopened file.
message3 <- readASCII( tutorial.AddressBook, file(out.file))

\dontshow{
stopifnot( identical( message, message2) )
}

## End(Not run)

read a message in JSON format

Description

Method to read a Message in JSON format

Methods

signature(descriptor = "Descriptor", input = "ANY"): Read the message from a connection (file, etc ...)
signature(descriptor = "Descriptor", input = "character"): Read the message directly from the character string

Examples

## Not run: 
# example file that contains a "tutorial.AddressBook" message
book <- system.file( "examples", "addressbook.pb", package = "RProtoBuf" )

# read the message
message <- read( tutorial.AddressBook, book )

# Output in text format to a temporary file
out.file <- tempfile()
writeLines( message$toJSON(), file(out.file))

# Verify that we can read back in the message from a text file.
message2 <- readJSON( tutorial.AddressBook, file(out.file, "rb"))

# Verify that we can read back in the message from an unopened file.
message3 <- readJSON( tutorial.AddressBook, file(out.file))

\dontshow{
stopifnot( identical( message, message2) )
}

## End(Not run)

protocol buffer descriptor importer

Description

Imports proto files into the descriptor pool that is then used by the P function to resolve message type names.

Usage

  readProtoFiles(files, dir, package="RProtoBuf", pattern="\\.proto$", lib.loc=NULL)
  readProtoFiles2(files, dir=".", pattern="\\.proto$", recursive=FALSE, protoPath=getwd())
  resetDescriptorPool()

Arguments

files

Proto files

dir

Directory. If files is not specified, files with the "proto" extension in the dir directory are imported

package

R package name. If files and dir are missing, "proto" files in the "proto" directory of the package tree are imported.

pattern

A filename pattern to match proto files when using dir.

recursive

Whether to descend recursively into dir.

lib.loc

Library location.

protoPath

Search path for proto file imports.

Details

readProtoFiles2 is different from readProtoFiles to be consistent with the behavior of protoc command line tool in being explicit about the search path for proto import statements. In addition, we also require that both files and dir arguments are interpreted relative to protoPath, so that there is consistency in future imports of the same files through import statements of other proto files.

resetDescriptorPool clears all imported proto definitions.

Value

NULL, invisibly.

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

## Not run: 
# from a package
readProtoFiles(package = "RProtoBuf")

# from a directory
proto.dir <- system.file("proto", package = "RProtoBuf")
readProtoFiles(dir = proto.dir)

# set of files
proto.files <- list.files(proto.dir, full.names = TRUE)
readProtoFiles(proto.files)

## End(Not run)

Serialize R object to Protocol Buffer Message.

Description

Serializes R objects to a general purpose protobuf message using the same rexp.proto descriptor and mapping between R objects and protobuf mesages as RHIPE.

Usage

serialize_pb(object, connection, ...)

Arguments

object

R object to serialize

connection

passed on to serialize

...

additional arguments passed on to serialize

Details

Clients need both the message and the rexp.proto descriptor to parse serialized R objects. The latter is included in the the package installation proto directory: system.file(package="RProtoBuf", "proto/rexp.proto")

The following storage types are natively supported by the descriptor: character, raw, double, complex, integer, list, and NULL. Objects with other storage types, such as functions, environments, S4 classes, etc, are serialized using base R serialize and stored in the proto native type. Missing values, attributes and numeric precision will be preserved.

Examples

msg <- tempfile();
serialize_pb(iris, msg);
obj <- unserialize_pb(msg);
identical(iris, obj);

set a subset of values of a repeated field of a message

Description

set a subset of values of a repeated field of a message

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): set a subset of values of a repeated field of a message

Size of a message field

Description

The number of object currently in a given field of a protocol buffer message.

For non repeated fields, the size is 1 if the message has the field, 0 otherwise.

For repeated fields, the size is the number of objects in the array.

For repeated fields, the size can also be assigned to in order to shrink or grow the vector. Numeric types are given a default value of 0 when the new size is greater than the existing size. Character types are given a default value of "". Growing a repeated field in this way is not supported for message, group, and enum types.

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): Number of objects in a message field

Examples

unitest.proto.file <- system.file("tinytest", "data", "unittest.proto",
				  package = "RProtoBuf" )
readProtoFiles(file = unitest.proto.file)

test <- new(protobuf_unittest.TestAllTypes)
test$size("optional_int32")

test$add("repeated_int32", 1:10)
test$size("repeated_int32")
test$repeated_int32

size(test, "repeated_int32") <- 5
test$repeated_int32

size(test, "repeated_int32") <- 15
test$repeated_int32

Set the size of a field

Description

Sets the size of a repeated field.

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): sets the size of a message field

swap elements of a repeated field of a message

Description

swap elements of a repeated field of a message.

Methods

signature(object = "Message"): swap elements of a repeated field of a message

References

See the SwapElements of the Reflection class, part of the protobuf library.

Gets the type or the C++ type of a field

Description

Gets the type or the C++ type of a field

Arguments

object

A FieldDescriptor object.

as.string

If true, print a string representation of the type.

Examples

## Not run: 
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" )
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)

type(Person$id)
type(Person$id, as.string=TRUE)
cpp_type(Person$email)
cpp_type(Person$email, TRUE)

with and within methods for protocol buffer messages

Description

Convenience wrapper that allow getting and setting fields of protocol buffer messages from within the object

Usage

## S3 method for class 'Message'
with(data, expr, ...)
## S3 method for class 'Message'
within(data, expr, ...)

Arguments

data

A protocol buffer message, instance of Message

expr

R expression to evaluate

...

ignored

Details

The expression is evaluated in an environment that allows to set and get fields of the message

The fields of the message are mapped to active bindings (see makeActiveBinding) so that they can be accessed and modified from within the environment.

Value

with returns the value of the expression and within returns the data argument.

Author(s)

Romain Francois <francoisromain@free.fr>

Examples

## Not run: 
proto.file <- system.file( "proto", "addressbook.proto", package = "RProtoBuf" ) 
Person <- P( "tutorial.Person", file = proto.file )

## End(Not run)

romain <- within( new( Person ), {
	email <- "francoisromain@free.fr"
	id <- 10L
} )

R Interface to the Protocol Buffers API

Description

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Class "ArrayInputStream"

Description

Objects from the Class

Slots

Extends

Methods

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Creates an ArrayInputStream

Description

Methods

Class "ArrayOutputStream"

Description

Objects from the Class

Slots

Extends

Methods

Author(s)

References

See Also

Creates an ArrayOutputStream

Description

Methods

Backs up a number of bytes from a stream

Description

See Also

The number of bytes read/written since the object was created

Description

See Also

Class "ConnectionInputStream"

Description

Objects from the Class

Slots

Extends

Methods

Author(s)

References

See Also

Creates an ConnectionInputStream

Description

Methods

Class "ConnectionOutputStream"

Description

Objects from the Class

Slots

Extends

Methods

Author(s)

References

See Also

Creates an ConnectionOutputStream

Description

Methods

Class "Descriptor"

Description

Objects from the Class

Slots

Methods

Author(s)

See Also

Examples

Class "EnumDescriptor"

Description

Objects from the Class

Slots

Methods

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Class "EnumValueDescriptor"

Description